ABSTRACT
The fungi are eukaryotes and of great interest to microbiologist. Fungi are heterotrophic organism that require organic compounds for nutrition. According to Hawksworth, only around 100 fungi cause diseases in humans and animals out of around 1.5 million existing in the universe. Fungal pathogenic infection may cause allergies, superficial infection, as well as invasive mycosis in severe cases. Public health can be significantly affected by zoonotic fungi that transmit naturally between animals and humans. Prevention of fungal infection arising out of zoonotes has received insufficient attention as it lacks mass awareness. A number of different fungal infections, their signs and symptoms, preventive measures, and treatment protocol are demonstrated in this chapter. Regarding the treatment of various fungal infections, azoles, fluoropyrimidines, polyenes, and echinocandins are the only four molecular classes of drugs available as on date to target fungal metabolic pathways despite years of drug discovery research. Few other promising molecules like morpholines and allylamines are useful antifungal but with poor efficacy and severe side effects when administered systematically. Development of resistance against most common antifungal drugs further aggravates the situation. Fungal infection like mucormycosis is observed in some parts of the world after a patient gets infected with COVID-19 as there is impairment in the immunity system. There is an urgent need to control this fungal infection as it poses serious threat silently. We can limit the spread of fungal infection by protecting susceptible population from being exposed. More efforts are needed from a global health perspective to aware the people regarding neglected fungal infection and its problem so that socioeconomic consequences and mortality can be better explained. An integrated platform of prevention and control strategies for the spread of fungal infection is the need of the hour. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
India is the second most populated country in the world having a rapidly growing population which is currently increasing at the rate of 16 million each year. At that situation to estimate the knowledge and prevalence of contraception among people an online randomized survey has been done among 126 volunteer. An anonymous online questionnaire has been developed and circulated among general public to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding contraception and related factors. Majority of people around 92.9% were aware of the existence of contraceptive methods. The most commonly used contraceptive was condom 26.2%. Majority of 65.1% did not use any kind of contraceptive methods. About 26.2% used Condoms, minimum 15.1% used pills, and 5.6% used withdrawal method. Around 34.9% participants felt different types of issues after using any contraceptive tools. The study highlights that awareness does not always lead to use of contraceptives. A lot of educational and motivational activities and improvement in family planning services are needed to promote the use of contraceptive and reduce the high fertility rate & also to reduce the fatality due to sexually transmitted diseases.